COLLECTION OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF SOKHUMI UNIVERSITY

Feminist and Lingvostylistic Paradigms in Virginia Woolf’s „A Room of One’s Own“

2025-07-21T08:15:54+00:00

This publication discusses the theoretical work „A Room of One's Own“ by Virginia Woolf, a British writer, essayist, and outstanding representative of modernist literature. The work also presents the visions of European and American women intellectuals and their theoretical works, which called for a fundamental transformation to improve women's rights and opportunities in women's lives, society, and the family.

The work aims to provide a complex understanding of anti-feminist and anti-gender issues. At the same time, it discusses the most important issues and challenges faced by intellectual women in general.

Lingvostylistic characteristic of feminist literature are emphasized in the present article, in particular, on the example of Virginia Woolf'’s "A Room of One's Own", as this work of hers is less studied in this regard.This is the goal and novelty of our paper work from the linguistic and stylistic point of view.

The abovementioned article seeks to deepen our understanding of Woolf’ 's feminist message and the literary techniques she used to convey it by analyzing the essay's language and style through a feminist lens. This feminist stylistic analysis can help to uncover how Virginia Woolf used language to challenge traditional ideas of gender and promote gender equality. So she made room indeed for the next generation of women writers and critics.

Misogyny, mistrust, hatred towards women, and humiliation continued for a long time. In the "black and dark" era, it was unacceptable to talk about women's freedom, economic stability, participation in elections, education, including in literature. For centuries, women sacrificed to patriarchal thinking. The old patriarchal ideology begins to break down at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Today, in the scientific literature, the term "feminism" has become a key word.

The following research methods are used in the article: source knowledge method, data collection-processing method, critical analysis method, linguostylistic analysis method, and observation method.

To better and effective reading in EFL through context

2025-07-21T08:05:57+00:00

For decades different approaches or methods have been used to teach and improve all skills while teaching English. These approaches differ in how much guidance or direction teachers provide as their students are learning new skills, how clearly and directly teachers explain new skills, whether they demonstrate exactly how to use a specific skill, and whether the skills are taught in a thoughtful sequence.

One of these skills is reading, a complex process, especially in a foreign language. Reading comprehension in both EFL and ESL (at university levels) is affected by many factors. One of the most important among them is vocabulary knowledge.

It is worth mentioning that vocabulary knowledge is not something that can ever be fully mastered. It is a life-long process and recently the importance of vocabulary teaching-learning is increasing more and more. One of the most useful strategies for developing vocabulary knowledge is vocabulary learning through context.

The purpose of the present article is to overview the different suggestions of the researchers about factors that affect vocabulary acquisition through context which leads to better reading.

To find out how effectively and often the strategy in question is used in language groups at Sokhumi State University, the research team was composed of three full-time English teachers and six undergraduate students of English Philology. A qualitative (interview) approach was used to study how the learners are taught the strategies discussed in this article in an ordinary classroom. Each participant in the study was given open-ended questions.

Limoorew in Svan (Judgment, Mediation) Ethnolinguistic Analysis of Collocations

2025-07-21T08:36:57+00:00

Svaneti is the ancient center of Georgian culture and statehood. Figuratively, it is often called "the side of a thousand towers" and the ethnographic "kaleidoscope".

In ethnolinguistics, the term collocation refers to various stereotyped behaviors (customs, rituals) reinforced by tradition that are expressed by a solid linguistic unit. The Svan is characterized by the richness, variety, and archaicness of vocabulary, phraseology, and collocations depicting different traditions and customs.

In Kartvelology, it is considered that Svan is the most archaic among the Kartvelian languages. Accordingly, the ethnolinguistic research of Svan phraseology and collocations related to customs and rituals provides an opportunity to draw extremely interesting conclusions.

The Svan collocations related to Limoorev are: Ghed I Samartal (ღედ ი სამართალ) – Law; Moorew Mare (მოორევ მაარე) - Judge, case settler, mediator; Limoorew (ლიმოორევ) - Judgment, sentencing, justification, mediation; Bachi Liljeni (ბაჩი ლილჯენი) – “Planting a stone, Laying the Stone” - judgment, settlement of the case, the end of mediation; Litsvri (ლიწვრი) - Blood Revenge (Blood Feud); Limbanaal (ლიმბანაალ) - Swearing during mediation (cf. Ligvne (ლიღვნე)- swearing a dear person, meaning: I swear); Very Makdeni (ვერი მქდენი) - A traitor; Lichviibe (ლიჩვიიბე) - oppression, scorn; Limtsodaal (ლიმწოდაალ) - Justification, self-righteousness, mediaton; Naertgulemi Maghvra (ნაერთგულემი მაღვრა) - Oath of Loyalty.

The publication offers an ethnolinguistic analysis of collocations, delving into the context, structure, and semantics surrounding their usage. The study explores the intricate interplay of phraseology, revealing that in Svan, collocations exhibit diverse structures, encompassing both verb components and Oden house structures.

Within Kartvelology, Svan is regarded as the most archaic among the Kartvelian languages. Consequently, the ethnolinguistic examination of Svan phraseology, particularly those associated with law, customs, and rituals, opens the door to compelling conclusions.

Dystopian novel „A Clockwork Orange“ by Anthony Burgess

2025-07-21T09:39:23+00:00

Anthony Burgess is 20th century British writer with an outstanding style and vision. According to the plot a large number of the writer's novels are about violence, confrontation between personality and society. The writer has entered the history of literature as the author of psychological and intellectual novels. Burgess' writing style has immediately attracted the attention of a wide reading public. European and American critics had a different attitude towards „A Clockwork Orange“.

Unhealthy environment, war, social distress, doubting the existence of God, acceptance of false values cause a person's longing for „morbid ugliness“. Where is the source of Alex's spiritual trauma? Did the „destruction of the present“ cause Alex's spiritual „metastases“? Perhaps, foreseeing the future is the cause of human misery and the source of existential fears? Loss of trust in society is followed by personal alienation, indifference, irresponsibility, violence, and mental madness.

We think that Alex is a victim of the „Age of Destruction“. The rebellious teenager gradually returns to society and he begins to understand good and evil. Classical music - Beethoven's „Best Ninth Symphony“ helps him in this. Alex is a victim of an authoritarian regime. The heartless government took away his most precious freedom, his love for music and art.

The vey article is followed by discursive thinking, analytical, connotative searches, critical analysis, meditations, multi-dimensionality of thought, and confrontation method.

Lexical-semantic Features of the Concept Vine

2025-07-21T09:22:18+00:00

Language is considered as a cultural, social and psychological phenomenon. Each language is a symbolic system that preserves national culture, history and traditions character and consciousness. Language richness is defined by diversity of the conceptual world.

Words are a world of interesting facts and processes that have specific lexical-semantic properties. The vine is one of the most important parts of human culture. As a floristic symbol of Georgia, this sacred plant is distinguished by certain lexical-semantic features.

Since ancient times, both Georgian and British people have formed language units that describe the cultivation and care of the vine, as well as the realities of life, traditions and their cultural values.

The paper investigates the linguistic peculiarities of the phytonym vine, its conceptual sphere via descriptive, etymological, morphological and comparative research methods in both linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.

The aspect of personal poetics and its structure on the basis of the „burning secret”

2025-07-21T09:48:14+00:00

The article deals with the problem of showing how a personage can be characterized in the author’s speech. This characteristic can be realized by a set of linguistic means which can be, in its twin, conceptualized as a „textual net” and we also tried to cover the aspects of modern philological research, approach to methodology oriented to interdisciplinarity. The work also aims to connect aspects of modern philological research, to deepen and renew the study of the poetics of the narrative text.

Nevertheless, it is necessary to note that we mainly mean the poetics of the character, how the author’s characterization of the character occurs in a classical narrative.

As for the connection of narrative poetics with communicative linguistics, poetics is defined as the science of the artistic use of linguistic means. Since poetics is complexly related to language, therefore, the same connection exists between modern poetics and communicative linguistics is the study of act and text. Text linguistics is related to poetics, to the theory of speech-compositional forms. In this theory, the following forms are considered: narration, description, characterization and reasoning.

The question arises, what could be the „textual structure of characterization in a classical type of artistic narrative? This question can be answered by considering the concept of „textual grid“. „Textual grid“ is precisely the concept that indicates the modern lever model: word – sentence – text, which indicates that in the author’s narrative the character is characterized at the level of text, sentence and word.

Inclusive Education Models

2025-09-02T04:55:13+00:00

In recent years, social inclusion has been popular among the students with special educational needs in ordinary schools. In principles of inclusive education are based on fundamental issues such as access to education, protection of children’s rights and their social adaptation. The article deals with basic principles of inclusive education and arguments related to the issue. Inclusive education focuses on the individual skills and learning styles of students. For this purpose, the National Curriculum is fitted with the student’s educational needs. Therefore, the main weapon of inclusive education is an individual training plan.

The paper discusses the basic principles of inclusive education, related arguments and counterarguments. Inclusive education focuses on the individual abilities and learning styles of students and, for this purpose, adapts the national curriculum to the educational needs of students.

The concept of inclusive education is analyzed as an equally accessible educational process in pedagogical education, the main tool of which is the individual curriculum, its development and the development of different and specific educational opportunities for students with special educational needs.

Factors Affecting the Academic Achievement of Students in Teacher Training Educational Programs

2025-09-02T05:03:26+00:00

The article refers to the study of the factors affecting the academic achievements of the students of the sixty-credit teacher training program of the Sukhumi State University in the pandemic and post-pandemic period. In particular, the study of the role of subject Facebook groups on the academic results of the students of the 60-credit teacher training program of Sokhumi State University. Nine cases of the last three academic years were studied, one subject group was considered for each case, and when studying the cases, preference was given to the correlational approach, which allowed the use of quantitative and qualitative research tools and made the data analysis more in-depth.

Research covers various aspects such as academic performance, access to knowledge acquisition process and development of pedagogical skills. We tested the hypothesis that learning portals and closed online groups significantly contribute to improving student academic achievement, access to learning, collaborative learning and, in the long term, improve pedagogical practices.

The results of the study show that the use of closed online groups increases students' involvement and activity in the learning process. Quantitative analysis strongly confirms the relationship between students' activism and academic results, which was confirmed by a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.79), and qualitative research explained this correlation.

The conclusion of the study indicates that the use of closed online groups for students of the 60-credit teacher training program of Sukhumi State University significantly improves academic performance, access to the process of acquiring knowledge, and the development of pedagogical skills.

Historical Discourse of School Education in Georgia at the Beginning of the 20th Century

2025-09-02T05:14:06+00:00

This scientific work studies the historical discourse of school education in Georgia at the beginning of the 20th century, which aimed to overcome and correct the consequences of the colonial educational policy of the Russian Empire (primarily Russification) in Georgian education, to search for new, progressive ideas in both European and Russian educational views, and to share this experience in the process of restoring and forming the Georgian national school.

On the pages of Georgian magazines and newspapers of this era, we find discussions on the processes and innovations taking place in the European and Russian educational systems. For example, the most important topic of school discourse was the progressive pedagogical views shared in the Western educational system, including the „New School Theory“, which was based on the „principles of free upbringing“. The subject of topical criticism was the „Theory of Intellectualism“ and the issue of „Formal Education“ prevailing in the educational schools of the Russian Empire, etc.

During this historical discourse, Dimitri Uznadze's „Theory of Experimental Pedagogy“ was created, which promoted the consideration of the individual and age-related characteristics of the child in school education. The scientist tried to understand the Georgian educational system and thought that this was not the only theory that could guide the Georgian school.

In the discussion letters published on educational theories and teaching methods, the influence of the views existing in the advanced educational circles of Europe and Russia of that time is felt, at the same time, the focus of attitudes and values in the national-social context is noticeable. In this regard, the conceptual vision of one part of Georgian educators on the formation of national-character learning methods, which would take into account the „mental and physical qualities of the Georgian student“, the national character and mentality of Georgians, is particularly interesting.

From the History of the Spread of Western Educational Ideas in Georgia (early 20th century)

2025-09-02T05:33:00+00:00

At the beginning of the 20th century, Georgian magazines and news-papers widely covered the current situation in the country's educational life, information on teaching and upbringing, school textbooks, the training of professional teachers, and other issues. At this time, the views of Hermann Weimer, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Otto Lippmann, Friedrich Nietzsche, Herbert Spencer, William James, Heinrich Pestalozzi, Jan Amos Comenius, Cornelius Gurlitt, and others were published, as well as various letters about the organization of European and American school life, learning methods, teachers' professional associations, and problems existing in schools and their overcoming.

Two factors contributed to the spread of Western educational ideas in Georgia: 1. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, European educational views, which were intensively spread in democratic circles in Russia, also influenced Georgia; 2. After returning to their homeland, young people educated in Europe actively participated in the renewal of the Georgian education system and, with the help of numerous magazines and newspapers, tried to share advanced European experience. One of the first professional educational journals in Georgia, „Education“, was distinguished by its publications about Western educational life, the founder, publisher and editor of which was the famous public figure, educator and public teacher Luarsab Botsvadze.

Based on the historical-comparative research method used by us, the work analyzes the activities of the journal „Education“ in the history of the spread of Western educational views. The results of the research showed that a large part of the publications were translated by Luarsab Botsvadze and his associates and were oriented towards the needs of Georgian educational life, the need to share the experience of advanced European school life. The research confirmed the stated main goals and objectives, priority topics and conceptual educational visions of the journal.

Universal Design for Learning University Challenges

2025-09-02T06:07:07+00:00

The modern global world, the changed natural and ecological conditions, have accelerated changes in various spheres of life, including the educational system. It has become necessary to search for new pedagogical approaches and innovations, to create diverse educational technologies that ensure overcoming the challenges that modernity offers us.

In this paper, based on observation and documentary research methods, the university challenges of universal design of teaching at the Akaki Tsereteli State University are studied. During the research, the causes of the problem were identified, and accordingly, the University's Continuing Education Center planned a number of events, including training courses and seminars to eliminate the problem.

Our research process analyzed training documentation, including quantitative and qualitative data, training materials, applicant feedback and responses. The results of the study showed that we can overcome these challenges by implementing universal design principles and technologies in classroom teaching, using adaptive technical means and educational resources, raising awareness, establishing centers for psychological support for students, and constantly searching for innovations and innovations, expanding access to university education.

Challenges of Differentiated Instruction and Ways to Overcome Them in Primary Education

2025-09-02T06:13:51+00:00

Based on the research conducted by the authors, this paper explores the challenges of differentiated instruction in primary school classrooms. The theoretical framework of the study is built on successful educational practices related to the issue and relies on foreign, predominantly English-language materials, which formed the basis for analyzing the research results. Target group of the study: primary school teachers. Research methods: interview and observation.

The study identified a number of problems. The findings revealed that for teachers, differentiation is a difficult process due to the time and resources required. It involves planning, preparing, and delivering multiple options and materials for different students. Managing classroom logistics and coordinating differentiated activities and assessments can also be challenging. Furthermore, differentiated instruction requires knowledge and skills in curriculum design, instructional strategies, assessment methods, and consideration of student diversity. Educators may also face resistance or skepticism toward traditional assumptions and practices, as well as toward the attitudes and beliefs of both teachers and students. Another challenge lies in balancing the expectations and demands of various stakeholders, including students, parents, colleagues, and school administration.

Ways to Overcome the Challenges. According to the authors, successful implementation of differentiation in primary education requires teachers to have a well-defined vision, adopt a flexible approach, and foster a culture of collaboration. The following recommendations are proposed: teachers should begin working on differentiation by analyzing learning goals and standards and then use them as the foundation for adjusting content, process, product, and learning environment according to students’ needs. This creates an appropriate environment for learners. Teachers should assess students’ needs and preferences through different methods and resources, plan differentiated instruction, and adapt it to individual requirements. In addition, students should be provided with multiple options and support in various formats, modes, levels, and resources to meet their preferences. It is essential for teachers to provide clear instructions and feedback so that students can properly guide their own expectations.

In the authors’ view, differentiation in primary school is a complex but crucial process for effective teaching and learning. To achieve this, teachers should ensure effective classroom organization, create flexible groups, and carefully plan the differrentiation process. Establishing clear routines, rules, and roles, and - most importantly - engaging in continuous professional growth and development will support teachers in overcoming the existing challenges.

Methodology of Working With Parents of a Modern Class Head-teacher

2025-09-02T06:37:32+00:00

In today's global educational space, many new pedagogical theories and innovations have been created based on constructivist methodology, which has made the learning process more flexible and attractive; however, the same cannot be said about the ongoing process from an educational perspective: Theory of upbringingthe has been completely removed from the curriculum of higher education institutions, and this is compounded by the fact that the majority of the educational material included in textbooks lags far behind the level of educational material included in previous years in terms of moral content.

The issue is relevant, therefore, the goal of our work is to bring the educational theme to the forefront in the pedagogical process, to better understand its role and importance in the process of personality formation. We will specifically discuss the role and importance of the class teacher both in the educational process and in terms of working with parents.

The paper focuses on several aspects of the class teacher's work with parents, on specific forms and methods that the teacher should use in the process of relations with parents.

Crafting classroom activities for EFL learners using Bloom's Taxonomy

2025-09-02T06:44:38+00:00

Bloom's Taxonomy is a framework that categorizes different types of thinking processes, ranging from lower to higher order. Remembering and understanding are associated with lower-order thinking processes, applying is considered a middle-order thinking process, while, analyzing, evaluating, and creating are classified as higher-order thinking processes. Along with the transfer of subject knowledge, the teacher has a crucial role in promoting the development of higher-order thinking skills in students. Every educator should aspire to guide students in advancing from lower to higher-order thinking. Through providing effective classroom activities based on Bloom’s Taxonomy teachers can cultivate higher-order thinking skills of students. By honing higher-order thinking skills, students can formulate hypotheses, pose research questions, elaborate on answers, solve problems, combine knowledge from different sources, make inferences, form judgments, develop reasoning, brainstorm ideas, evaluate different perspectives, draw conclusions, and more. Higher-order thinking skills enable students to use learned information in innovative ways, manipulate information, apply knowledge in new situations, devise new solutions, and generate original ideas. Higher-order thinking activities equip learners to be original thinkers, innovators, and creators. By incorporating activities that challenge students to use higher-order thinking skills, educators facilitate their academic growth and prepare them for successful and prosperous futures. The article sheds light on sample classroom activities crafted using cognitive thinking levels of Bloom's Taxonomy for EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners, which require students to engage different levels of thinking skills.

Reflection of Georgian-Abkhaz relations in the works of Georgian writers according to „RukhiBattle“

2025-09-02T06:56:39+00:00

The issue of Georgian-Abkhaz relations and the topic of Abkhazia in general was clearly reflected in the artistic works and critical-publicist writings of Besarion Gabashvili, Jacob Gogebashvili, Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Niko Nikoladze, Leo Kyacheli, Niko Lortkifanidze, Vasil Barnov, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Tedo Sakhokia and others.

Our main goal is to reflect Rukhi battle or Georgian-Abkhazian relations in the works of Georgian writers. The images of RukhiBattle are given in the historical poem „RukhiBattle“ by Besarion Gabashvili, a representative of Georgian poetry of the 17th century. Other works have been written on this topic. In particular, Grigol Dadiani under the pseudonym of Ioane Gegechkor „Rukhi battle, or the life of King Solomon the Great“, Davit Dadiani (Nogheli) – „Rukhi war“. In 1913, Ekvtime Takaishvili included in the 2nd volume of the collection „Old Georgia“ the examples of oral tradition about RukhiBattle. As is known, the satirical story „Knights“ by Niko Lortkipanidze was written based on this oral folklore.

In the report, we focus on the historical reasons that led to the bloody conflict between Georgians and Abkhazians. The question is raised as to when the said battle took place, at the end of 1779 or in 1780. We think that this issue requires more accuracy, because one part of the researchers names 1779, and the other part - 1780.

In the report, as far as possible, the works of those Georgian writers are analyzed and presented, which are related to the mentioned issue - Rukhi battle and its causes.

As a conclusion, not only the understanding of this historically known event and the authors' national point of view, but also an in-depth judgment-analysis of the processes that befell Georgia in the 90s of the 20th century as a result of the rise of Abkhazian separatism are given.

Determinaton of Biochemical Indicators During the Test of Protective Mechanisms of Various Complexity

2025-09-02T04:43:02+00:00

The given work studies the changes of biochemical indicators at the various stages of the development of psychogenic stress. It belongs to the number of fundamental researches and the results received provide a full and objective idea regarding the hu-moral regulation of of the stress condition of the body. In particular, the release of hormones and biologically active agents means the biginning of the reactive syndrome of stress, which controls all the circulatory and metabolic processes of the body, which finally leads to the adaptation to changed environment conditions.

The results of the research have both theoretical as well as practical value. By means of complex researches, we have received new hypotheses. The hormonal and biological shifts revealed in the conditions of psychogenic stress developed as a result of unfavourable combination of the factors of informational triad indicates the increase of the sta-bility of self-regulatory protective mechanisms of the body. The results received are important from the point of view of practice, since they reveal behavioural acts expressing the work of the mechanisms of self-regulation and causes the increase of body resistance to the sectors dangerous for health. Strengthening of such acts is beneficial as contrary to their suppression (“Treatment”) which often happens for the purpose of treatment of the disorders of higher nervous activity. Therefore, according to the studies conducted, the behavioural acts revealed in animals in different experimental conditions are in statistical correlation with the metabolic changes of biochemical indicators. It is considered as appearance of biologically positive stress reaction and reflects self-regulatory activity of the brain, which is reflected in the areas of resistance of the body to stress factors.

Ekvtime Mtatsmindeli (of Athos) - Grandmaster of the law translation school, his literary and theological legacy

2025-08-20T08:13:46+00:00

The present work is dedicated to Ekvtime Mtatsmindeli, a righteous representative of the Georgian theological, literary and jurisprudential school. The founder of Georgian translation school . His contribution to the science of Georgian law and law-making activities is invaluable. The so-called six-month The principle of decrease-increase is the best standard for the reception of foreign law, which is desirable for the modern legislator to actively take into account when working on foreign laws and their implementation in the Georgian legal space in the process of introduction. Instead of calculating foreign laws, if they are applied according to the six-month increment principle, it is a difficult and time-consuming way, but we will get the best result, and this method is not far away. Translation of monuments. The work is not limited only to the reception standards of the sixteenth century, we also consider new findings of the qualification of crimes of the sixteenth century for that era, as well as its literary heritage, mainly it is

Theological and hagiographical works and most of them touch on the way of Orthodoxy as faith and ideology. Ekvtime is an author who needs more attention and consideration, modern Georgians should remember the correct lessons of the past for better progress. This is important in the conditions of the modern world, taking into account the challenges facing the Georgian state and society - it is necessary to preserve our national identity not only in our daily life and culture, Law-making is also a part of culture, and it is independent law, not blindly entrusted to foreign laws, that is needed for the proper development of the Georgian state and Georgian society. I believe that in this important matter, there is simply no better guide than Ekvtime Mtatsmindeli - in the process of correct reception of legislation, and not only in the process of reception.

Henry Kissinger's Moderation Foreign Policy in International Relations

2025-08-20T07:35:17+00:00

In 2023, the world marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of Henry Alfred Kissinger - one of the most prominent figures in the history of international relations and diplomacy, Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and one of the leading intellectuals of the second half of the 20th century.

Born in the city of Fürth, Germany, to a schoolteacher’s family, Henry Kissinger rose from the rank of a regular soldier to become the Secretary of State of the world’s leading power - the United States. Among the U.S. Secretaries of State, few have attained the level of international success, trust, and recognition that Kissinger enjoyed. There was a time when his authority among the American public even surpassed that of the president himself. His popularity was largely driven by a foreign policy approach historically known as „détente“ - the policy of reducing international tensions.

Between 1969 and 1973, as U.S. National Security Advisor, Kissinger laid the groundwork for the restoration of U.S.- China diplomatic relations, facilitated the gradual withdrawal of the United States from the Vietnam War, and initiated a thaw in U.S.-Soviet relations. From 1973 to 1977, as Secretary of State, he continued these policies – promoting Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), conducting successful „shuttle diplomacy“ in the Middle East, and acting as one of the main mediators in the temporary settlement of Arab–Israeli conflicts.

Henry Kissinger was not only a practitioner of politics - he was also a scholar and theorist whose actions were based on academic research and realistic calculations. Alongside Hans Morgenthau, he is considered one of the most notable representatives of political realism.

This paper aims to analyze one of the key foundations of Henry Kissinger’s success - the policy of détente - and to pay tribute to a statesman whose work significantly contributed to the preservation of global peace and stability.

Validation of the Georgian Version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) for Young Adults

2025-08-20T07:54:32+00:00

The paper presents the results of adapting the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ; Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven, 2002) for Georgian young adults. Cognitive regulation of emotions includes conscious, cognitive ways of processing affective experiences. The cognitive emotion regulation theory is based on the assumption that thinking and acting refer to different processes and, therefore, considers cognitive strategies in a conceptually pure way, separate from behavioral strategies. Although the capability of advanced thinking and regulating emotions through cognitions is universal, large individual differences exist in the amount of cognitive activity and in the content of the thoughts by which people regulate their emotions in response to stressors. The questionnaire is aimed at evaluation of both adaptive and maladaptive cognitive strategies of affective moods’ regulation. The Georgian version of CERQ were completed by 464 young adults (79% female and 21% male, with a mean age of 21.4±6.2). The structure of the Georgian version of the questionnaire matches the structure of the original questionnaire. The research has confirmed that the Georgian version can be considered a reliable and valid tool, which can be used both for research and psychological counseling purposes.

Attempts to Recognize the „Abkhazian National Passport“ as a Travel Document

2025-08-20T08:05:43+00:00

The research issue of the presented paper is the request of the separatist region of Georgia, Abkhazia, for the so-called Abkhazian national passport to be recognized as an international travel document by Western states. In this context, precedents in international practice (Kosovo, Taiwan, Northern Cyprus) are analyzed.

The paper focuses on the clear policy of the European Union, which involves recognizing as illegal the "passports" issued by the Russian Federation in the occupied territories (occupied Abkhazia, Tskhinvali region). The issue is clearly related to the inviolability of the borders of the Georgian state, as recognized by international law, and respect for the sovereignty of the Georgian state.

During the research, we have used available theoretical material, the content analysis of which has provided us with significant assistance in preparing appropriate conclusions. The scientific novelty of the work is associated with the analysis of the positions of the so-called officials and the views of the population of occupied Abkhazia on the above-mentioned issue, which provides a summary, analysis and logical conclusions of the differences of opinion surrounding the issue.

The Issue of the Permanent Settlement of the Svaneti Territory, the Formation of the Svan Language From the Common Kartvelian Root Language, and the Resettlement of the Svan-speaking Kartvelian Population in the Bronze Age

2025-07-20T17:56:38+00:00

Some of the cardinal issues of the ancient period of the history of the Svans and Svaneti is the issue of the permanent settlement of the Svaneti territory, the formation of the Svan language from the common Georgian root language, and the resettlement of the Svan-speaking Georgian population in the Bronze Age. Regarding these issues, a number of opinions have been expressed in the scientific literature, which, as a result of reconciling them with each other and re-interpreting archaeological and linguistic data, have led us to the following conclusions: The process of permanent settlement of the Svaneti territory should have begun by the end of the 3rd millennium BC, by the Georgian population, who were carriers of the Western Transcaucasia and Mtkvari-Araksi culture, of which the process of formation of the Svan-speaking Georgian population should have been carried out in the II millenium BC, on the territory lying north, northeast and northwest of the Rioni, including the southern slopes of the Caucasus. The area of the eastern spread of the pre-Svans population should be conditionally referred to the Likhi ridge, and to the west, if not further, taking into account the information of Strabo (he places the settlement of the „Soanes“ above the Dioscurias at the turn of the century), at least to the Gumista River, of course, if the spread of the Svan-speaking population so far to the west is not a later event. The widespread settlement of the Svan-speaking population, both in the mountainous and plain regions of Western Georgia, should have taken place before the 30s-20s of the VIII century BC, before the destructive campaigns of the Cimmerians.

The Historical Reality of Abkhazia and the Ethnocentrist Historiography of the Abkhaz

2025-07-20T18:23:45+00:00

Historical sources confirm that from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE (until 131 AD), the territory of Colchis and the whole of present-day Abkhazia was inhabited exclusively by Kartvelian (Georgian) populations.

In the 2nd to 5th centuries CE, discrete groups of ethnically undefined, nomadic peoples migrated from the North Caucasus to western Georgia. Their language was unknown. By the 7th century, both waves of settlers had easily and naturally assimilated with the more advanced, Christian Kartvelian population. They converted to Christianity and were referred to by Georgians as “Abkhazians,” a name given to these previously unnamed groups.

According to sources, in the 16th century, ethnically distinct groups of Jikhs and Abazas, characterized by piratical practices, migrated from the North Caucasus. These semi-nomadic groups raided the native Georgian population, kidnapped people, and killed those who resisted. Young people, women, and children were sold on Ottoman ships across the Black Sea. These settlers appropriated the ethnonym “Abkhaz” from the earlier, 2nd–5th century waves—again, with the help of Georgians. The modern Abkhaz people were formed between the 16th and 18th centuries and have no ethnic or historical connection with the Abkhaz of the 2nd–5th centuries CE.

During the Soviet era, contemporary Abkhaz authors began falsifying historical facts. Without reliable sources, they constructed fabricated oral histories and claimed ownership over Georgian ancestral lands.

The 1919 Georgia-Azerbaijan Treaty of Collective Security and Mutual Assistance and its Consequences

2025-07-20T18:47:38+00:00

In May 1918, four sovereign states emerged in the Caucasus. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Mountainous Republic. They faced challenging operational conditions, including an economy devastated in the aftermath of World War I, undefined state borders, and imminent foreign threats. Addressing these seemingly insurmountable challenges appeared implausible. However, our research reveals a different narrative: Georgia endeavored to perpetuate its centuries-old mission, embarking on a successful journey of integration with its Caucasian counterparts. The meeting of 1919 was distinguished by the fact that all four states of the Caucasus participated in it.

The impetus for championing this idea at that specific moment likely drew inspiration from the experience of the ,,Triple Alliance“ and ,,Entente,“ a known entity to Georgians. Notably, during World War I, members of the ,,Committee of the Liberation of Georgia“ were primarily active in Europe. They were well aware of the importance of military-political alliances. By 1919, both Georgians and Azerbaijanis felt the danger coming from the north and the need for unity. The pinnacle of this integration was the subsequent deployment of the international Caucasian coalition to Dagestan under the leadership of Georgian Colonel Leo Kereselidze.

It should be noted that this agreement preceded the development of the League of Nations charter, one of the goals of which was the peaceful resolution of conflicts and wars, which provided for the use of negotiations and arbitration to resolve the issue. Based on this scientific innovations, these processes was clearly a great achievement for the three-year period of independence filled with challenges.

What is Impact of the August 2008 War to The Georgia’s Democratization Process

2025-07-20T18:59:09+00:00

The First Independent Republic of Georgia (1918-1921) can be said to be the first step taken by the Georgian nation towards democracy. In the late Soviet Georgian Republic, when the Georgian nation was intertwined with political phenomena, the consciousness of democratization reasserted itself. After the declaration of independence on April 9, 1991, a very traumatic period was entered politically, and preserving territorial integrity became a priority issue for the Georgians. In the early years of independence, the newly established Georgian state struggled with ethnic nationalist conflicts on the one hand and economic development on the other. As a matter of fact, the state-building process was delayed and institutional reforms were only possible in the 2000s. The road map of Georgia’s democratization process has been tried to be revealed. The August 2008 War is analyzed in terms of its impact on Georgia's democratization process. In this context, the impact of Russia’s policy to maintain its hegemony on Georgia is discussed. The aim of this study is to analyze the reform efforts in the state-building process in Georgia and to discuss the role of the Rose Revolution in this process.

Constituent assembly elections in Zugdidi Mazra

2025-07-20T19:20:05+00:00

This article studies the elections of the Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Zugdidi Mazra, which has not been studied to date. On November 19, 1917, the Georgian National Congress opened, and on November 21, the National Congress elected the “Georgian National Council,” which was tasked with convening the Constituent Assembly. On June 24, 1918, by a decision taken at the 12th meeting of the Georgian National Council, the Georgian government resigned and, until the convening of the Constituent Assembly, its duties were performed by a provisional government. In October 1918, the National Council was renamed the Parliament of Georgia, which approved the Statute for the Constituent Assembly elections on November 22 of the same year. On January 10, 1919, the Parliament of Georgia adopted a decision to amend the Statute for the Constituent Assembly elections. On January 3, 1919, according to the decision taken at the 77th session of the Parliament of Georgia, the elections to the Constituent Assembly were scheduled for February 14-16.

Based on the above decision, on January 16, 1919, under the leadership of the Zugdidi City Council, the Election Commission of the Constituent Assembly was formed. The work discusses the elections held in the Zugdidi district and their results in stages. The results of the elections of the Constituent Assembly held in the Zugdidi district on February 14-17, 1919 were discussed by the Zugdidi Council Commission on February 24. The results were distributed among political parties as follows: Georgian Social-Democratic Workers' Party - 15,149 votes; Georgian National-Democratic Party - 2,414 votes; Georgian Socialist-Revolutionary Party - 8,070 votes; Georgian Socialist-Federalist Revolutionary Party - 2,315 votes; Georgian National Party - 7 votes; Socialist Federalist Party of Georgia - 57 votes; Union of Independent Non-Parties - 1 vote. The paper analyzes the elections of the Constituent Assembly in the Zugdidi region and concludes that the elections in this particular part of Georgia were held in full compliance with democratic principles.

The paper analyzes the elections of the Constituent Assembly in the Zugdidi region and concludes that the elections in this specific part of Georgia were held in full compliance with democratic principles.

Elections of provincial assembly members in Zugdidi district (1918)

2025-07-20T19:29:25+00:00

In November 1917, the National Council of Georgia passed a resolution on Provincial assembly reform, according to which a three-tier Provincial assembly system was to be introduced in Georgia: small Provincial assembly, District, and gubernatorial, i.e. district territorial units. Provincial assembly elections should have been general (regardless of gender), direct, equal, confidential, and proportional.

On February 10, 1918, the Transcaucasian Seim started its work and urgently created the Commission of Local Government and Self-Government. On February 18, the Secretariat of the Introductory Instructor of the Provincial assembly was established, which began to organize the Provincial assembly commissions. On December 1, 1918, Provincial assembly elections were held in Zugdidi District.

There were 65,024 registered voters in Zugdidi District. 21,925 voters participated in the elections. The results of the elections between political parties were distributed as follows: Socialist Bloc (United Bloc of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Georgia and the Social-Federalist Revolutionary Party of Georgia) - 11,641 votes; National Democratic Party of Georgia - 1 754 votes; Socialist Revolutionary Party of Georgia - 6 601 votes.

The Issue of Abkhazia in Georgia-Kazakhstan Relations

2025-07-20T19:41:07+00:00

The purpose of the study is to discuss in what way the issue of separatist region of Georgia -Abkhazia affects foreign and domestic policy of Kazakhstan.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Georgia and Kazakhstan found themselves in a different situation. The independence of Georgia was accompanied by unresolved conflicts in the autonomous regions - Abkhazia and Samachablo. The problem of separatism is also important for Kazakhstan, due to the large part of the population of Russian nationality living in the northern part of the country. Due to its historical and geostrategic situation, Kazakhstan actively participates in political, military and economic associations, in which Russia plays a leading role.

Since the establishment of interstate relations, Kazakhstan has unwaveringly recognized the territorial integrity of Georgia. This position has not changed despite the events accompanying the 2008 Russo-Georgian war .

The change of the thirty-year government of Nursultan Nazarbayev (2019), the prevention of protesters’ attempt to take over the control of the government in January 2022 with the help of Russia, the Russo-Ukrainian war that broke out in the February of the same year made Kazakhstan's attitude towards the territories occupied by Russia important again.

Despite the growing relations between Kazakhstan and Georgia, Kazakh politicians, public figures, and the general public are not sufficiently informed about the historical and contemporary situation of Abkhazia.

The purpose of the research is to unveil which factors determine the state and public position of Kazakhstan towards the issue of Abkhazia, how to foster positive tendencies and resulotion of existing gaps.

In the research, the official documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the position of Kazakh state and public figures on the issue of Abkhazia are analyzed using chronological, narrative and comparative methods.

The Issue of Reliability of Sekhnia Chkheidze's Chronological Records According to Georgian and Foreign Sources

2025-07-20T19:56:36+00:00

The previous article covers the difficult political situation created in Eastern Georgia in the first half of the 18th century according to Sekhnia Chkheidze's "Life of Kings". In the source, the author presented these events in the form of chronicles, and we deliberately combined them into one topic, so that the reader could better understand the severity of these processes for Eastern Georgia: "Ottomanism", "Lekianism", "Kyzilbashoba". XVII-XVIII centuries in the historical life of the Georgian people were mainly the era of destruction and wars against foreign enemies. The political disintegration of the country was facilitated by the invasions of the foreign enemy. From the beginning of the 18th century, the lezgins often attacked Kartl-Kakheti, and during the Ottoman rule, from 1923, their invasions became more permanent. In the early days of the weakening of Persia, Iran used the Lezgins in the fight against the Georgian kingdoms, but later, the Lezgins started raiding the Persian dominions in Transcaucasia and the Shah turned to the Georgian kings for help.

Sekhnia Chkheidze has described in detail the repelling of predatory groups from Dagestan, their raiding of towns and villages and their abduction of food sources. The Georgian population selflessly fought against these hooligan attacks, but the effective fight against the enemy was made difficult by internal disagreements of the country, as well as by the intolerable policy of first the Ottomans and then the Kizilbashis. Sekhnia Chkheidze was the first in Georgian historiography to arrange the real perception of historical facts chronologically and convey them in simple language.

The „Soft Power“ Factor in Türkiye's Georgian Policy

2025-07-21T04:49:38+00:00

The Turkish state was one of the first countries to recognize Georgia's independence in 1991. Since then, political, socio-economic, and cultural cooperation between the two countries has developed.

As it is known, since the ninetieth of the 20t^h century, the Republic of Türkiye has been one of the countries that most actively uses the elements of "soft power" in world politics in general, especially in Caucasian politics. The Republic of Türkiye uses relations in the humanitarian and cultural fields as a "soft power" factor in Georgian politics.

For the History of Lazica (Egrisi) Kingdom

2025-07-21T05:17:07+00:00

In the Antiquity, a political Union was formed on the territory of historical Colchis in the Eastern Black Sea region. In Georgian sources it is mentioned as Egrisi, while Roman and Byzantine writers call it lazica. At first the Lazes controlled only the Central part of Colchis from Zydriti District to the Egristskali river. Later the kingdom of Lazes unites the whole Western Georgia. Its territory extends to the confuence of the Chorokhi river in the South. In the North it includes modern Abkhazia and Svaneti. When should the hegemony of the Lazes be spread to the north-western Colchis and the Zydrit district in the south? In this work we will try to answer these questions.

In Georgian historiography there are two points of view about the formation of the United kingdom of Egrisi on the territory of Western Georgia. Some researchers believe that the formation of the United Kingdom of Egrisi took place at the end of the fourth century, according to other scholars in the second century. At first, the Lazes, with the consent of the Romans, joined the Unions of the Absiles, Abazges and Saniges and extended the boarders of the kingdom of the Lazes to the north-west to the Akheunt river (modern Shakhe river). This event took place in the middle of the second century during the reign of king Pakor, which is directly evidensed by the Greek inscription on a silver cup found on the territory of the village of Achmarda, Gagra district. The fact that the kingdom of lazes of the second century united a large part of Western Georgia is also proved by the following fact: At the end of the second century, when the emperor Septimius Severus (193-211) had to subdue the rebellious Lazes, according to George Syncellus, he captured ,,Colkhike, that is Lazike.” For this period, the hegemony of the Lazes is already extending to almost the entire Colchis region.

As for the district of Zidrits in the south, the expansion of the Lazes in this direction was subordinated to the powerful Iberian kingdom. The Lazica kingdom managed to annex the Zidrits district only later, in the third century.

About One of Mikheil Sharvashidze’s Letters

2025-07-21T05:26:54+00:00

In studying of available sources about Abkhazia, epistolary heritage is of particular significance, its content and form characteristics reflect contemporary political-cultural and socioeconomic environment.

At K. Kekelidze National Center of Manuscripts of Georgia, there is maintained a letter by Mikheil Sharvashidze, the last Prince of Abkhazia, its addressee is unknown. The letter is dated, it was written on 5 October 1854. In that period, there was Crimean war. The military operations took place directly in the territory of Abkhazia. Position of the Prince of Abkhazia was of great significance for the confronting parties, as. In addition to his princedom, he had great authority and influence among the North Caucasian peoples as well.

In the course of the war, in certain period, Mikhail Sharvashidze had to leave his princedom and settle with his father in law, Giorgi Dadiani, in Samegrelo. And the letter was written in Samegrelo. The text of the letter mostly deals with the war, occupation of Sokhumi and Ochamchire by the Ottoman troops and the author’s plans for the future.

Crypt from Chkhuteli

2025-07-21T05:39:20+00:00

The paper studies the remains of a building discovered under the floor of the St. Maximus the Confessor Church in the village of Chkhuteli, Tsageri Municipality. Its form represents an underground storage room, a hiding place, a gallery, and a crypt, which were used for the burial of a saint and for church services.

Many similar crypts have been discovered by archaeologies under the floor of early medieval Georgian Christian churches (Daviti, Nekrisi and so on).

The newly discovered crypt and the human fingerprints found on it, references to Greek and Georgian written sources from the 7th-4th, 11th-12th centuries, as well as other circumstances, give us reason to believe that we are dealing with the tomb of Saint Maximus the Confessor.

From the history of the origin of the Abkhaz family of the Princes of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom

2025-07-21T05:49:12+00:00

Based on the historical sources of the study, it is established that one of the noble surnames of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti - Prince Abkhazi (აფხაზი/აბხაზი) is from one of the historical regions of West Georgia - Abkhazia (აფხაზეთი/Abkhazeti). They represent the branch of one of the noble surnames of Abkhazia - Anchabadze/Achba (ანჩაბაძე, აჩბა), the founder of which was established in Kakheti (East Georgia), in particular, in the village of Kardenakhi (კარდენახი) in the middle of the XVII century.

In the paper, on the basis of the historical-comparative method and the cyclical study of sources, Georgian historical documents dated from the XVII-XX centuries, in which the representatives of this lineage are mentioned, are analyzed. It is established that this surname has given Georgia many worthy ancestors.

As a result of the political processes developed in Georgia since the twenties of the 20th century, many representatives of the Abkhaz family were forced to leave their homeland and move abroad, currently only three families of this family live in Georgia.

Marriages Among the Representatives of the Houses of Kakheti Kingdom and Samegrelo Principality (XVI-XVIII Centuries)

2025-07-21T06:05:46+00:00

The study examines the marriages among the representatives of the Houses of Kakheti and Kartli-Kakheti Kingdom and Principality of Samegrelo (Odishi, Mingrelia). These marriages strengthened the connection between the rulers of those kingdoms - Kakheti branch of Bagrationi royal dynasty and the ruling dynasty of Principality of Samegrelo – Dadiani.

In the paper, the chronological examines such insolation that occurred four times: 1) In 1590, the daughter of King Alexander II of Kakheti (reigned in 1574-1601 and 1602-1605) - Princess Nestan-Darejan married the Sovereign Prince Manuchar I (ruled in 1590-1611). In 1591 Nestan-Darejan died at child-birth. Their son -Sovereign Prince Levan II (1591-1657) ruled in 1611-1657; 2) In 1750, King Erekle II (reigned in 1744-1762 - in Kakheti, in 1762-1798 - in Kartli-Kakheti) married the Princess Darejan Dadiani (1734-1807), daughter of Katsia/Giorgi Dadiani, whose nephew Sovereign Prince Katsia II ruled in 1757-1788; 3) In 1765, King Erekle II's sister, the King's Daughter Princess Elisabed (1750-1770) married the Sovereign prince Katsia II. Elisabed died at child-birth. Their son – Sovereign prince Grigol (1770-1804) ruled in 1788-1804; 4) In 1790, the grandson of Erekle II - princess Nino (1772-1847) married the Sovereign Prince Grigol Dadiani. After the death of her husband (1804), Nino as a regent ruled Principality of Odishi until adulthood of her son -Sovereign Prince Levan V (1793-1846), who ruled in 1810-1840.

Issues of Labor Organization and Distribution among Inhabitants of Colchis Plain in the Late Bronze – Early Iron Age

2025-07-21T06:16:23+00:00

The present article discusses the issues connected with organizing the labor arrangement, social division of labor, formation of settlement complexes, channel systems, etc., among the settlers of the Colchis plain in the Late Bronze - Early Iron Age. It is obvious that the organization of labor and public division of labor could not have had a wide character in the Bronze Age as the scale of the settlements was not extensive. This problem is more relevant to the pre-Antique period.

Along with other types of settlements in Colchis in the Early Antique period, large unions of Dikhagudzubs had to prepare the ground for formation of the state.

Artificially held hill-settlements are sometimes surrounded by 10, 15 and 50 meters wide and 2-3 meters deep canals, the removal of which was led by a clan or community, based on a strict labor organization.

In the Early Iron Age, bead-making workshops appeared on the Colchis plain which were based on rich local raw materials. The production made there should not have been intended only for the domestic consumptions, they were export items as well. The facts of discovery of necklaces - making tools and instruments related to the development of that field in that type of settlements, indicate to a large social division - organization of labor and existence of professional artisans.

For the Problem of Relationship Between Linguistic and Literary-Compositional Aspects of Poetics in Classical Narrative

2025-07-21T10:00:48+00:00

The article deals with the problem of on the functioning of the compositional form, „delineation” in the exposition of a classical narrative text. The author’s conclusion shows that there is a contradiction shows that there is a contradiction between the function „characterization”, performed in exposition and its function as its function defined linguistically.

As we know, the speech-form is understood as a linguistic form through which „actual perception, selection and evaluation of reality“ takes place. The connection of the three aspects of the artistic narrative text is derived from the relationship of the artistic narrative with the aspect named in the work.

Naturally, narratology integrates certain aspects of the artistic text and we ask the question of how to integrate the data of literary studies and linguistics in the process of researching the artistic text. An interdisciplinary approach to the study of artistic narrative involves the study of how the role of linguistic means should be in the case of structuring a narrative plot, when in the introduction of the work, the character is presented to the reader, through characterization.

We conclude from the paper that within the framework of the exposition of the artistic narrative, we find the inversion of the function of the speech-compositional form, which linguistics informs us about.

The Biblical Paradigm in Postmodern Novelism (Otar Chiladze's novel "everyone that findeth me")

2025-08-19T09:44:37+00:00

The paper analyzes several enigmas in Otar Chiladze’s novel "Everyone that findeth me", (the sparrow, the tent/tree, the prayer/violet, etc.). Otar Chiladze’s novelistic art continues the centuries-old tradition of Georgian literature – emphasizing enigma-paradigms characteristic of hagiography, even within the epoch of postmodernism. Parallels are drawn with the conceptual passages of The Martyrdom of Abo and The Martyrdom of Shushanik.

Georgian postmodernism is replete with biblical enigmas, allusions, and reminiscences. The aforementioned enigma-paradigms are examined and interpreted in parallel with biblical archetypes. Consideration is also given to the commentaries of John of Damascus, John Chrysostom, and Basil the Great on conceptual passages of the Holy Scripture.

A Postmodernist Reflection on the History of Old Georgian Literature in Rostom Chkheidze's Beletristical essay "A Glimpse at Georgian Literature"

2025-08-19T09:58:57+00:00

Georgian literature – whether in its general panorama or in particular aspects – along with the history of the Georgian nation, represents a highly interesting, unique, and self-sufficient space within the world’s artistic thought, one of the primary characteristics of the nation, and has repeatedly become the focus of interest for Georgian (and not only Georgian) scholars. It is enough to recall the names of Marjory and Oliver Wardrop, Marie Brosset, Arthur Leist, David Lang, Donald Rayfield, Luigi Magarotto, Alexei Losev… as evidence of how many authoritative foreign thinkers have delved deeply into this field, not to mention the contributions of Georgian scholars themselves (Vachtang Kotetishvili, Korneli Kekelidze, Pavle Ingorokva, Geronti Kikodze, Archil Jorjadze, Revaz Siradze, Grigol Kiknadze, Akaki Gatserelia, Guram Asatiani, Tamaz Chkhenkeli, Zurab Kiknadze, and others), as well as the work of distinguished generations of researchers from Tbilisi State University and the Institute of Literature.

The paper discusses the postmodernist interpretation of the history of Georgian literature – Rostom Chkheidze’s version concerning the main trajectory of the development of national literature.

The postmodernist’s concept is grounded in Pavle Ingorokva’s idea that even in a God-forgetting state, there existed a group of people who were conscious of the “sacredness and divinely intended purpose” of literature. Pavle Ingorokva had already distinguished between chronological time and supra-temporality, just as Western modernist literature separated external and internal time. He did not object to the idea of freeing literature from rigid historical-chronological frames, and although he could not realize it, he harbored the inner desire to someday write the history of Georgian literature in a way that would correlate not so much with historical chronology, but with the mysterious laws that could assign a completely different place to a given artistic work within the background of spirituality, in the context of supra-temporality.

It is precisely with these “mysterious laws” in mind that Rostom Chkheidze constructs his text, conscientiously acknowledging at every “break” (a term coined by the author) those worthy scholars whose ideas connected a society isolated from world culture by the “Iron Curtain” (not only the Georgian one) with global literary processes.

Models of Post-Traumatic Memory in the Discourse of Feminine Narrative

2025-08-19T10:10:12+00:00

More than three decades have passed since the Russian-backed Georgian-Abkhazian war, yet Georgian-Abkhazian relations remain a focal point of discussion, not only for politicians and sociologists but also for writers. Numerous authors have sought to reflect the dramatic events of 1992-1993, employing both dominant and alternative narratives. This article examines the works of Georgian and Abkhazian female authors from the 1980s-1990s generation who did not witness the war firsthand. Their narratives act as a counterforce to the suppression of traumatic memory, resisting the impulse to forget. These authors highlight the ambivalent nature of the war’s participants by revisiting and reevaluating the past. The analysis is based on „Meeting“ (2023), a collection of stories by four Georgian and four Abkhazian authors.

In the book’s preface, the project’s creators emphasize that while war is rarely depicted directly in these stories, it is ever-present, looming as a destructive force that shaped the authors’ world-views for years to come. Indeed, the collection’s contributors share common themes, a unified conceptual approach to war and traumatic memory, and stylistic elements characteristic of feminine writing, such as nonlinear narratives, streams of consciousness, open endings, and autobiographical or subjective perspectives to convey personal experiences. However, the above do not homogenize their stylistic characteristics. On the contrary, the Georgian and Abkhaz female authors present issues of war trauma through distinct styles and perspectives, enriching the discourse with their diverse approaches.

An Apology of Drunkenness in the Works of Galaktion Tabidze and Edgar Poe

2025-08-19T10:19:45+00:00

The American master of words Edgar Poe and the king of Georgian poets Galaktion Tabidze often referred to drunkenness of being, life, fire, wine, hope, but this metaphorical statement does not refer to drunkenness of alcohol, but to the faith of Christian religion, because being, life, fire, wine, hope are divine are the divine names according to Holy Scripture.

Galaktion Tabidze's poetry draws attention to the concept of drinking with ancient wine, precious wine, immortal wine, blue wine, being, and fire. In the Holy Scripture, "old, purified wine," being (living), and enlightening fire are divine names, as are vineyard and vine. Galaktion Tabidze, a great master of symbolic-metaphorical thinking, addressed these images from a religious perspective and emphasized their connection with faith. The poet considered art, not wine, to be the "best narcotic" ("Narcotics and Art").

In the works of the great American poet and master of words, Edgar Allan Poe, "drinking with white flame," "hope," "greatness," and "the moon" are mentioned with a similar meaning. "Flame, fire, hope, glory" are divine names, while "moon" is the name of the Mother of God, and in this case, too, the connection with faith is alluded to.

In this scientific study, based on the comparative research method, the concept of the apologetics of the throb in the works of Galaktion Tabidze and the American poet and novelist Edgar Allan Poe is analyzed. Both poets, using the concept of throb, struggled with painful memories, feelings of insurmountable loneliness, and sought an uncertain destiny in faith.

A Single Problem of the Psychology of Art in the Works of Edgar Poe and Galaktion Tabidze

2025-08-19T10:33:55+00:00

There are striking similarities in the concepts of the great American author Edgar Allan Poe and the brilliant Georgian king-poet Galaktion Tabidze, which indicate the high spiritual values and similar attitudes towards the world of these two poets and great men.

In the writings of both poets, special attention is paid to the concepts of the madman and the insane.This metaphorical application refers not to clinical insanity but to the elevation of the artist above the possibilities of ordinary man, to a higher level of consciousness. Goethe, Grigol Robakidze, Edgar Poe, Galaktioni, Terenti Granelli understood the notion of the insane as synonymous with superior perception, positive energy and inspiration. But madness, insanity acquired its odious content in the totalitarian Soviet empire and artists serving justice and freedom were referred to as madmen. An example of this is the declaration of Terence Granelli as mentally ill. In this regard, the Soviet political system did not spare Galaktion Tabidze and created the image of a “mad poet” from him.

The ingenious aesthetics of the “mad poet” can also be seen in the work of the American poet Edgar Allan Poe. He is a spiritual ally of Galaktion Tabidze and Terence Granelli. There is a particularly great similarity in the work of Edgar Poe and Galaktion.

This scientific study examines the parallels in the legacy of these two great creators from the perspective of a metaphorical understanding of one specific concept - the madman, the insane.

Mythical Imagination and Real Touches in Georgian Literature

2025-08-19T10:42:27+00:00

It is not at all new to claim that Georgian literature is a mythological metamorphosis created through the spirituality of its authors and refracted through the prism of individual imagery. What is new are our attitudes toward and connections with myth and, more broadly, with art as a mystery. It is new in the sense that the purpose of art has been defined since ancient times – to serve the moral upbringing of humanity. Its influence on human consciousness is characterized by transformation and a heterogeneous reception.

The mysterious power of art exerts an intense influence on the human soul and shapes the moral perfection of the individual, in the manner envisioned by the inspired artist. Accordingly, heroes imagined through artistic fantasy do not merely gaze at us from the galleries of artistic creations; they begin to migrate into our inner selves. Our intensive contact with works of art fosters meditative states, and human consciousness, saturated with earthly existence, acquires the ability for spiritual thought, whose current flows toward the higher worlds. This is its magical power and immutable principle, the very force that created and shaped the primordial myth and, in general, the artistic world.

The all-encompassing sense of the human personality is a quality of the immortal soul, which possesses the ability to itself become a work of art. We believe this approach is relevant in all times. In this sense, colors created by human imagination are more vividly perceptible than our integrated self-consciousness in everyday existence. With the help of art, the human soul is filled with novelty, and the newly constructed category of personality thus emerges before society as a kind of spiritual institution.

In the topic we discuss, we juxtapose the world of messianic heroes created by artistic fantasy with the literary characters conveyed in the realistic works of Mikheil Javakhishvili. We examine which of the two more accurately reflects our national reality. Mikheil Javakhishvili, as an incomparable writer-psychologist, offers an interesting direction to Georgian literature. His work is the most transparent mirror he places into the hands of the Georgian reader, so that we may truly come to know ourselves. He draws aside the curtain, and behind it, instead of the messianic-mythical figures transformed through Georgian literature, we encounter Teimurazes and Margos. Facing the harsh reality of Georgia, the writer himself provides us with an analysis of what has determined our current state of existence. Of particular interest is the question of how the god-man imagery, represented through mythical strokes, and the depiction of woman through deification, correspond to one another and how these two extremes coexist within the reality of Georgian consciousness.

National Narrative (Aka Morchiladze's "obOle")

2025-08-19T10:50:08+00:00

The French distinguish between history and memory: the former is preserved in books, while the latter relies on living recollections. In obOle, both history and memory coexist. The main character, Irakli, recalls ancient events as though they are stored in the vault of memory, reprocessed and reinterpreted. Experiences from his childhood - both seen and heard - suddenly resurface in his mind. The old family home transforms into a chest of memories. The action takes place in western Georgia, in Lechkhumi, where the Muri Fortress and the tomb of Maximus the Confessor are located. Lechkhumi is strongly influenced by both Svaneti to the north and Imereti to the south. A new topos, a local space, is marked on the map of Georgian literature, characterized by distinct speech patterns, traits, daily life, and details. The location of the action is sharply toponymized, and the time is clearly defined.

The writer uses a multiperspective narrative and, in obOle, presents an individual, subjective construction of truth. However, unlike in other novels, this work features greater generalization, with a broader and deeper context.

The "competition" between Irakli and his brother, Nika, runs throughout the entire text—Nika is more successful, lives in America, has more money, and has built a new house on the ancestral estate. However, he still remains part of the clan (a Scottish archetype for a family or lineage). Every relative of Irakli's whom he meets in the village embodies this clan unity: perhaps it is less solid than it once was, but it remains conspicuous and significant. This theme introduces a social discourse into the text, which is not unfamiliar to Aka Morchiladze.

In this ensemble of characters, Babutsa, the aunt, stands out as the guardian of tradition, customs, and love. The clan unity of the descendants of Timothy is not limited to the living alone; their unity also lies in their deceased, with their cemetery being more alive than any other cemetery when considered as a whole. It is precisely these kinds of details that give the book its title, A Real Georgian Story. Moreover, it reflects the 1990s era, which the author himself describes as the "epoch of popular turbulence," an unvarnished picture of political upheavals and the deeds of the Mchedrioni militia.

"As a Georgian, if you haven’t unpacked the stories of the past, how can you understand the present?"- the writer justifies his own words. Aka Morchiladze is a master of telling stories "in everyday terms, without great exaltation or toasts."

The novelty of the research lies precisely in the fact that it reflects, in a unified and complex manner, from a compositional and artistic perspective, the remarkable literary text of a distinguished author of our era.